FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROMODULATION: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

The provided text is an overview of the field of neuromodulation, introducing its historical background, theoretical foundations, mechanisms of action, various methods and techniques of neuromodulation, and the diseases and surgical targets involved. Neuromodulation is aimed at influencing the complex connections in the central nervous system in a reversible and minimally invasive way, with the potential to alleviate symptoms, improve patients' independence, and increase their quality of life for neurological and psychiatric illnesses. The development of brain-computer interfaces is also highlighted in the text, showcasing the expanding possibilities in the field of neuromodulation.

From Authors Preface:

“This book is intended to introduce the reader to the exciting field of neuromodulation. With the help of this method, it is possible to influence the complex connections in the central nervous system in a reversible and minimally invasive way. Many neurological and psychiatric illnesses are the result of disturbed regulation in the transmission of nerve signals. Knowledge of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology has enabled researchers to understand the pathophysiological basis for many diseases. These critical regions can be affected by stimulation or inhibition, which changes the pattern of nerve signalling. Unfortunately, neuromodulation alone usually cannot completely cure a neurological or psychiatric disorder. However, it can significantly help alleviate symptoms, improve patient independence, and increase their quality of life. Attempts to act on some critical brain regions to achieve therapeutic effects are already known from the past. Unfortunately, this has also led to abuse, as can be seen in the case of lobotomy and psychosurgery. This dark chapter in neurology and psychiatry contributed to the stagnation of research in this field until researchers realised that they could also achieve a similar but reversible effect with stimulation as with a lesion. Many discoveries, also briefly discussed in this book, contributed to the unprecedented development of this field of medicine. Today, neuromodulatory methods are practically indispensable in modern neurology and neurosurgery for treating severe neurological disorders. In addition to neurosurgery and neurology, neuromodulation is increasingly making inroads into psychiatry and neurorehabilitation.

The book targets students and other healthcare providers who have varying levels of prior knowledge. These aids and devices are indispensable in modern medicine, and we increasingly encounter patients living with various neuromodulatory aids and devices during the studies and daily work.

For this reason, healthcare professionals must acquire at least a basic knowledge of this exciting branch of medicine. We sincerely hope that we have learned from the mistakes of the past and that negative experiences with psychosurgery and abuse will not be repeated. Therefore, more comprehensive social control, legal regulations, public awareness, and strict adherence to ethical principles are necessary.”

Language: English